This article provides empirical researchers with an introduction and guide to research designs based on variation in judge and examiner tendencies to administer treatments or other interventions. We review the basic theory behind the research design, outline the assumptions under which the...

Women judges are playing increasingly prominent roles in many African judiciaries, yet there remains very little comparative research on the subject. Drawing on extensive cross-national data and theoretical and empirical analysis, this book provides a timely and broad-ranging assessment of...

Using data on all patent cases in front of German courts between 2010 and 2015 we find that plaintiffs in patentinfringement cases mainly chose the venue where to sue by the speed with which courts dispose of their cases. We also find that quality - measured, both, as the fraction of cases...