This paper reviews alleged societal benefits and costs of International Investment Agreements (IIAs) as suggested by academia, governments, business and civil society. It sets out the wide range of issues that diverse actors have proposed in the context of assessing the societal benefits and...

The author introduces Gehring's call for a multi-lateralization of Impact Assessments (IAs). IA processes in Canada, the US and the EU illustrate the complex nature of IAs and their challenges in a rapidly evolving international investment law and policy regime. IAs have expanded to include...