consequences. We study this dynamic in the context of female suffrage in Germany, a reform driven by activist elites but ultimately … socioeconomic records, we identify the political preferences of elite and non-elite women. We exploit variation in elite composition … observability of non-elite women in household records. Precincts with more elite women supported the socialliberal party that had …

this new measure of the threat of revolution and measures of suffrage reform in two samples of European countries covering … that war triggered suffrage reform, whereas other theories of the extension of the franchise, including 'modernization …

different suffrage regimes: taxpayer suffrage (1902-1914) and universal suffrage (1921-1937). We argue and find supporting … evidence that the political budget cycle operates differently under the two types of suffrage. Taxpayer suffrage, where the … cycle manifests itself in election year tax cuts and savings on administration costs. Universal suffrage, where all adult …

different suffrage regimes: taxpayer suffrage (1902-1914) and universal suffrage (1921-1937). We argue and find supporting … evidence that the political budget cycle operates differently under the two types of suffrage. Taxpayer suffrage, where the … cycle manifests itself in election year tax cuts and savings on administration costs. Universal suffrage, where all adult …

this new measure of the threat of revolution and measures of suffrage reform in two samples of European countries covering … that war triggered suffrage reform, whereas other theories of the extension of the franchise, including ‘modernization …

measures of suffrage reform in two samples of European countries covering the period from 1820 to 1938. We find strong support … for the ‘threat of revolution theory’. We also find some evidence that war triggered suffrage reform, whereas …